Stargirl Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Stargirl - Essay Example Stargirl confronts usual generally accepted pattern of behavior and transforms casualty by her appearance, actions, words and overall with her behavior. He is a real identity but not just in a way that she doesn’t do what others do. Not, her originality is deeper because he see world around her in different light. She tries to spread her light on others and in some way it works. She is not an individual that borders from others but she is a kind person who takes kindness and positive approach everywhere she goes. I didn’t like Stargirl changing her mind in order to become more socially accepted though it is a necessary plot detail. I was relieved when she decided to change her mind be herself again. This reminded me that what we think about ourselves is more important then what others think because nobody can know us better then we ourselves. When people want to be like others they follow false aim because they don’t really know how others feel as they too adjust their lives. When everybody forgets about their identity reality becomes false and incorrect. The only way to really exist is to be yourself. That is the main idea that, I think, character of Stargirl represents. I liked the particular methods of Stargirl to be happy with her own image of herself despite foolish standards that are always meant to oppress and limit one’s original individuality. â€Å"At the same time, we held back. Because she was different. Different. We had no one to compare her to, no one to measure her against.†

EXAM PAPER Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

EXAM PAPER - Assignment Example The steps that I would take are as follows. The first step is to collect the travel cost and the visitation information or rather the data. Direct costs are the costs used in this method. They are the costs which are normally related to the whole process of visiting the National Botanic Gardens directly. The costs of fuel, accommodation, food, and all other expenses that will be required in the whole process are used. It is very important to ensure that all the travel costs to the National Botanic Gardens are represented in the calculation. The next thing is the travel time. A lot of weight should be given on this area. The appropriate value to assign to the travel time should be considered very carefully. It should be the wage rate when people do not have the option to work during the weekends. The children should also be included in the travel time. Visit time is that time spent while at the National Botanic Gardens. The best method to use is the individual method where the visit r ate is normally calculated per individual in a given time period. The factors that influence this rate are for that specific person. It does not require averaging and a lot of calculations. Some of the challenges that are involved in using this method include the presence of substitute sites. Those who prefer one site over the others have higher values compared to other people. This should be differentiated. Statistical problems might also affect the obtained results. The choice of the variables and the method used should be done very carefully to avoid this. There are also those people who live near the site so as to reduce transport costs and time during this travel. Their value is higher and this should be noted keenly. Most people also view travelling as a hobby and hence a great experience and not a huge cost. This should be noted during the calculations. Estimating the generation function is done using this formula: Averages across the zones normally limits the number of obser vations because you will only take groups of people and then divide by the population of that zone. Working with individual counting increases the number of observations and hence a much more accurate result. Multiple regression analysis uses the following formula y = ax3 + bx2 + cx + d + ?  where a, b, c, d and e are the variables used in the calculations. The environmental management decisions that are made under the conditions of risk are normally in situations where people or rather the managers lack the complete information on the issue at hand. This condition is rather difficult since the manager may comprehend the alternatives and the problem at hand, he or she does not have a guarantee on how each of the solution will work out. When an unfamiliar problem comes up, haste decisions which had not been planned before are normally used to solve the current situation. This decision normally involves the human judgment more than computer assistance. Since risks are normally bound to happen, putting early warning information crisis, developing management crisis plans are the best ways to help avert these problems. This is the condition of risk where virtually no information is available to help know what will happen in the future and be in a position to take the necessary precautions. The managers or rather the involved parties will therefore be risking and will rely heavily on emergency decisions. In a condition of uncertainty, the

Public Interest in Serial Killers

Public Interest in Serial Killers In this weeks module five on the publics interest in fictional and real serial killers a lot of interesting information was given. As much as we dont like the fact that people kill people out of random acts and for no reason, we cant just turn a blind eye to it. These killings weather we like to admit it or not draw us in and we want to know how it happen and the details of the crime that was committed. This infatuation isnt just for one reason but for many different reasons depending on the type of person someone is. One of the reasons a person might be infatuated with a serial killer is because of the curiosity of the crime in the way that the crime that was committed was so rare that it invokes a greater interest then that of a random killing (Bonn, Scott), or a killing that has been done before.   A second reason is that some killers kill at random and dont know their victims this it like a shark attack to people and makes them feel hat anyone can be a target. Another reason is that when some killers kill their inner demons come out (Bonn, Scott) and in a great rage and force it is this rage that draws people to try and comprehend their mind set and try to understand it. When it comes to the monsters portrayed in movies it especially plays on the feeling and emotions of people and this is why we are so attracted to it. It draws us in by playing on our emotions of fear and anger (Bonn, Scott). There is a fine line between those people that have an interest in the fictional characters that are played in movies that are killers versus those that are actual serial killers. Those that have a high interest in fictional killers dont acknowledge those that are actual killers. This to me might be because the crimes committed in the movies havent happened in real life but the fact that the scenarios in the movie could happened and bring upon feelings of fear that makes it interesting and an infatuation occur. There are some people that have gone so far with the infatuation for a real life serial killer that have written them in jail and build a friendship with them because they are obsessed with the crimes they did and their mind set (Bond, Michael). For these people their infatuation has brought them to an extreme. It is because they have a want to be like them or just understand them and have brought their fantasy into reality to get to know them on a personal level. The media is a high influencer of these infatuations and this is because when these kinds of crimes they are highly wanted in the news and that because they are integrating and as far as the media is concerned builds up their ratings. Law enforcement and the media in a way bump heads and this is because when a crime occurs and the media catches wind of it they report on it and they use some facts of the cast and they exaggerate and make their own assumptions about the crime that happen (Morton, Robert). This makes it especially hard for law enforcement with an ongoing investigation because when they make false claims to the public it evokes fear in people (Morton, Robert) and they are looking for the person that did these and any person that they feel is the killer because of the false facts of the media is reported on making law enforcement follow false leads. Our interest and obsession with serial killers could be for many different reason weather that person is a real serial killer or one made up by movie producers. The fact is that this infatuation is a little scary that a person could be so interested with someone that has actually committed a crime and harmed another because they want to be like them and they committed a crime that they know they could not do. On the other hand those that are drawn to killers because of the need to understand their mind set and know what drove them to such extremes, profilers that classify serial killers do this to catch a serial killers and prevent it from happening,. Infatuation and interest in serial killers will always be something the human mind does because of the need for understanding. References 1.) Bond, Michael. Why are we eternally fascinated by serial killers? March 31, 2016. Retrieved from http://www.bbc.com/future/story/20160331-why-are-we-eternally-fascinated-by-serial-killers 2.) Morton, Robert. Behavioral analysis unit 2, Federal Bureau of Investigation. Serial Murder: Multi-Disciplinary Procedures for Investigators. Retrieved from http://ct2learn.com/els/resources/ebooks/serial-murder-multi-disciplinary-procedures-investigators/view-serial-murder-multi-disciplinary-procedures-investigators/ 3.) Bonn, Scott. Heres Why We Love Serial Killers. September 22, 2014. Retrieved from https://www.psychologytoday.com/blog/wicked-deeds/201409/here-s-why-we-love-serial-killers

How Do I Love Thee? Let me Count the Ways by Elizabeth Barrett Browning

A flame of passion is contained within the heart, yet is love contained in a mere flame of passion? This timeless saying embodies the ultimate declaration of love written by Elizabeth Barrett Browning. â€Å"How Do I Love Thee? Let me Count the Ways† is a poem bathed in rhyme and inundated in sentimental avowals. This sonnet shows the perpetual love that Browning shares with her husband and how that love can never be destroyed by any power of human or spiritual nature (Elizabeth Barrett Browning’s: Sonnet 45). Based on answering one, seemingly simple yet complex, question, â€Å"how do I love thee?† (Browning Line 1) is what this poem is based on. Using literary tools and techniques, Browning unleashes the powerful emotions that hide behind the ink that each word is devotedly written in. The title itself shows the numbers of ways that Browning loves her husband, so many that she must count them. The second line focuses on the reality of her love and the extensions of its outreach. Browning uses anaphora as she repeats the sounds found in â€Å"thee† (Browning Line 1) and â€Å"the† (Browning Line 1). Her love is three dimensional and therefore real, in the sense that all real physical things in the universe are three dimensional. Breadth is width, a measurement of how far across her love is. Height and depth represent how far down and how far up her love is, in relation to the universe. Depth and breadth is an internal rhyme injected to create the essence of the sonnet. Browning continues explaining how her adoration is inexplicable even in the most spiritual of senses. Finding true bliss and balance is what this love has given her. Love is a feng shui of sorts. Through the use of alliteration, she explains â€Å"My souls can reach, when feeling out... ...cribe the most elaborate of thoughts. At first, the reader feels as if they fully understand the text but a deeper look exposes more than just a superficial love poem. The work doesn’t seem like an act of fiction because the realities of the sentiments are absorbed within the text. In the end, Browning loves him freely, without coercion; she loves him purely, without expectation of personal gain. Her love is a sacrificial love, trials or tribulations can never waiver it. Browning uses numerous poetic devices such as metaphors and alliterations to amplify the implications she intends for the reader to feel. â€Å"How do I love thee? Let me count the ways† is a fairy tale transcended into reality. Love knows no reason but yet defies all reason. This very saying is the crux of Browning poem. In the end, she â€Å"shall but love thee better after death.† (Browning Line 14).

Quality Management and Six Sigma Essay

Describe the evolution of quality from the early 20th century through the Japanese post-World War II, to the â€Å"Quality revolution† in the U. S. and elsewhere in the 1980’s through the early 21st Century. Identify the underlying forces to the ‘quality revolution’. Explain the role of the quality ‘gurus’ including Walter Shewhart, Joseph Juran, W. Edwards Deming Early Twentieth Century Inspection was the primary means of quality control during the first half of the twentieth century Separate the planning function from execution function Managers/engineers plan and supervisors/workers execute Bell system was very popular up until this time Production organizations created separate quality departments, lead upper managers to believe quality is responsibility of the quality department and turned focus to quantity/efficiency 1980’s Henry Ford developed â€Å"total quality practices† once he visited Japan in 1982 Japanese constantly referred to â€Å"the book† which had become Japan’s industrial bible and helped Ford Motor Company realize how it had strayed from principles over the years Walter Shewhart Western Electric Group leader Created era of statistical quality control (SQC), application of statistical methods for controlling quality Goes beyond inspection to focus on identifying/eliminating problems that cause defects Used by military in WWII to determine quality standards for suppliers Post-World War II Large shortage of civilian goods in the US made production a top priority Most companies still thought of quality for a specialist, used mass inspection Dr. Joseph Juran and Dr. Edwards Deming Introduced statistical quality control techniques to the Japanese post-WWII Significant part of educational activity was focused on upper management rather than quality specialists alone Got support of top management to integrate quality throughout organization and developed a culture of continuous improvement. By 1970’s Japanese began to heavily penetrate Western markets U. S. â€Å"Quality Revolution† Decade of the 1980s major change in how quality is looked at in a company Deming aired â€Å"If Japan Can†¦ Why Can’t We? † After the television show manufacturers began to ask for his health 1984 the US made October National Quality Month By 1990’s quality drove nearly every organization’s quest for success Organizations began to share knowledge through books and new quality awards were established Underlying Forces Of The Revolution 1970s global competition and appearance of higher-quality foreign products on the market lead U. S> consumers to consider purchasing decisions more carefully Large differences in quality between Japanese and U. S. made products so demand for high quality/reliability in goods at a fair price went up List and describe the seven contemporary forces identified by ASQ that will influence the future of quality Defining quality – describe the various dimensions of quality – including formal definitions of quality: transcendent quality, product-, user- and value-based quality, fitness for use, conformance to specifications and meeting or exceeding customer expectations. Show visually the quality perspectives. Identify the definition of quality to individual divisions in a corporation – e. g. , sales, marketing, supply chain, operations, distribution, etc. Judgment/Transcendent Perspective Defines quality as â€Å"the goodness of a product† Firms with this perspective wish to use quality as an image variable in the minds of their consumers Provides little value to mangers for decision making Product-Based Perspective â€Å"Quality is a function of a specific, measurable variable and that differences in quality reflect differences in quantity of some product attribute, such as number of stiches per inch† Essentially means a greater amount of product features leads to higher quality and ability to charge a higher price User-Based Perspective Defines quality based on the fact that quality is determined by what the customer requires All individuals are different and thus have different perspectives of quality Defined as â€Å"fitness for intended us, or how well the product performs its intended function. † Product needs to perform what it is marketed to do Value-Based Perspective â€Å"A quality product is one that is as useful as competing products and is sold at a lower price, or one that offers greater usefulness or satisfaction at a comparable price. † Ex: Buying a generic product like Roundy’s bread over Wonder bread for cheaper Perspective often requires competitor analysis, leads benchmarking to become essential to a firm using this perspective Manufacturing-Based Perspective â€Å"The desirable outcome of engineering and manufacturing practice, or conformance to specifications. † Specifications are determined by designers of the products/services and acts as basis for definition of quality Aim to conform to these specifications every time to ensure consistency SEE FIGURE Describe the movement of quality as a management framework through Feigenbaum’s total quality and the movement to TQM and TQ TQ is people-focused management system that aims at continual increase in customer satisfaction at continually lower real cost. Total system approach (not separate functions) Fegenbaum recognized importance of a comprehensive organizational approach to quality in the 1950s and coined the term total quality control Japanese adopted it and named it companywide quality control List the three key principles of Total Quality Management (TQM) 1. A focus on customers and stakeholders.

Famous Psychologist Essay

Throughout psychology’s relatively brief history, there have been many famous psychologists who have left their mark both on psychology and on the world at large. While some of these individuals do not necessarily fit today’s definition of a ‘psychologist’, a term which indicates a doctoral-level degree in psychology, their influence on psychology is without question. Learn more about psychologists by browsing through this list of some of the most famous thinkers in psychology history. Alfred Adler Public Domain Alfred Adler is known as one of the most influential thinkers in psychology. While he was initially a member of the Vienna Psychoanalytic Society, Adler eventually departed from Freud’s theories and developed his own perspective, which he called Individual Psychology. He had a strong influence on a number of other eminent psychologists, including Carl Rogers, Abraham Maslow and Karen Horney. Mary Ainsworth Mary Ainsworth was a psychologist best known for her research on attachment theory and the development of the â€Å"strange situation† assessment. Her work played an important role in our understanding of child development and has influenced other fields including education. Gordon Allport Gordon Allport was a psychologist perhaps best-known as one of the founding figures of personality psychology. He also developed a trait theory of personality that described three broad categories of personality traits. Solomon Asch Solomon Asch was a pioneering social psychologist. His famous conformity experiments demonstrated that people will claim that something is correct when it obviously is not due to social pressure from peers. Asch also had an important influence on psychologist Stanley Milgram, whose own obedience experiments were inspired by Asch’s work. Albert Bandura Albert Bandura is a psychologist known for his famous â€Å"Bobo doll† experiment as well as his concepts of self-efficacy and social learning. Bandura’s work is considered part of the cognitive revolution in psychology that began in the late 1960s. His theories have had tremendous impact on personality psychology, cognitive psychology, education, and therapy. Alfred Binet Public Domain Alfred Binet was a French psychologist famous for his development of the first widely used intelligence test. He is often described as one of the most influential thinkers in psychology history and his original test still serves as the basis for modern measures of intelligence. Mary Whiton Calkins Mary Whiton Calkins was the first female president of the American Psychological Association. She studied at Harvard with famous teachers including William James and Hugo Munsterberg. Despite completing all of the requirements for a doctorate degree in psychology, Harvard refused to grant her degree simply because she was a woman. James McKeen Cattell Image courtesy Library of Congress James McKeen Cattell was the first U.S. psychology professor. He is an important figure in psychology thanks to his work in intelligence, his use of quantitative methods and his focus on establishing psychology as a legitimate science. Raymond Cattell Image from Wikimedia Commons Raymond Cattell was a pioneering thinker who is perhaps best known for his use of multivariate analysis and his 16-factor personality model. Mamie Phipps Clark Mamie Phipps Clark was a pioneering psychologist known for her important research on child development and self-concept among minorities. As the first black woman to graduate from Columbia University, she faced discrimination because of her race and her gender. Her research with her husband, Kenneth Clark, played a major role in the Supreme Court’s decision in the pivotal Brown vs. Board of Education case. Mihaly Csikszentmihalyi He’s an important contemporary psychologist, but one of your first questions is probably â€Å"How do you pronounce his name?† (It’s me-HIGH chick-sent-me-HIGH-ee, by the way.) Learn more about his work and contributions to modern psychology in this brief biography. John Dewey Image courtesy Wikimedia Commons John Dewey was an American psychologist, philosopher, writer and educational theorist. His work had a vital influence on psychology, education and philosophy and he is often considered one of the greatest thinkers of the 20th-century. His emphasis on progressive education has contributed greatly to the use of experimentation rather than an authoritarian approach to knowledge. Erik Erikson Public Domain Erik Erikson’s well-known stage theory of psychosocial development helped generate interest and inspire research on human development through the lifespan. An ego psychologist who studied with Anna Freud, Erikson expanded psychoanalytic theory by exploring development throughout the full lifespan, including events of childhood, adulthood and old age. Hans Eysenck Image from the Wikimedia Commons / Sirswindon at en.wikipedia Hans Eyesenck was a very prolific psychologist, publishing more than 75 books and 1600 journal articles. Prior to his death in 1997, he was the living psychologist most frequently cited in scientific books and journal articles. He was also a very controversial figure, and his outspoken views of subjects ranging from psychotherapy to intelligence made him the subject of criticism. Leon Festinger Leon Festinger was an influential social psychologist who is well-known for his theory of cognitive dissonance as well as his social comparison theory. Anna Freud Anna Freud began her career influenced by the theories of her father, Sigmund Freud. Far from living in her father’s shadow, Anna made important contributions of her own to psychology. She founded child psychoanalysis and summarized the ego’s defense mechanisms in her book The Ego and the Mechanisms of Defense (1936). Sigmund Freud Public Domain Sigmund Freud may be one of the best known figures in history, but he is also one of the most controversial. He was the founder of the school of thought known as psychoanalysis. The legacy of his life and work provokes both impassioned acclaim from his supporters and disdain from his detractors. While some view him as a cultural icon and others see him as a pseudo-scientific charlatan, there is no question that Freud left an indelible mark on psychology as well as other disciplines. Erich Fromm Liss Goldring / Erich Fromm Estate Erich Fromm was a neo-Freudian psychoanalyst who had a major influence on humanistic psychology. Today Fromm is remembered for his concept of freedom as a fundamental component of human nature.

Platos allegory of the cave Essays

Platos allegory of the cave Essays Platos allegory of the cave Paper Platos allegory of the cave Paper Platos theories about reality involve the allegory, in which Plato expresses something of his beliefs about learning, and his beliefs about the relation between the world of appearances and the world of Reality. Plato suggests that there was a difference between intellectual knowledge, gained through reason, and the knowledge gained through using the senses. He thought that knowledge gained through the senses was no more than opinion, because the senses can be mistaken; but knowledge gained through philosophical reasoning was certain. Platos philosophy is his Theory of Forms, sometimes called the Theory of Ideas. He believed that, as well as the material world in which we live and which we experience, there is also another, eternal world of concepts or Forms. This eternal world is more real than the world we experience through the senses, and it is the object of knowledge, not opinion. Plato believed that this material world cannot reveal the certain truth. He stated that the material world can only present appearances, which lead us to form opinions, rather than knowledge. The truth is to be found elsewhere, on a different plane, in the non-material world of ideas or forms. According to Plato because we have concepts of the ideal forms, without having experienced them, our souls must have known the forms before we were born. This leads him to the belief that people must therefore have immortal souls. Plato also explained that in the world of forms there is an ideal everything created by god. The things we see in our every day lives are just copies and inferior to the ideal form. The ideal form is eternal and is the object of knowledge, not opinion. The most important form / most perfect forms are the form of the good, which is the ultimate principal. As Plato realises that the general run of humankind can think, and speak, etc., without any awareness of his realm of forms. The allegory of the cave is supposed to explain this. In the allegory, Plato likens people untutored in the theory of forms to prisoners chained in a cave, unable to turn their heads. All they can see is the wall of the cave. Behind them burns a fire. Between the fire and the prisoners there is a parapet, along which puppeteers can walk. The puppeteers, who are behind the prisoners, hold up the puppets that cast shadows on the wall of the cave. The prisoners are unable to see these puppets, the real objects, which pass behind them. What the prisoners see and hear are shadows and echoes cast by objects that they do not see. The prisoners therefore mistake appearance for reality. They think the things they see on the walls are real. Though obviously they are wrong and Platos point is that they would be taking the terms in their language to refer to the shadows that pass before their eyes, rather than to the real things that cast the shadows. Platos point is that in terms of our language are not names of the physical objects that we can see. They are actually names of things that we cannot see, things that we can only grasp with the mind. This statement refers back to Platos theory upon what we presume is reality is in fact mere the opposite. When the prisoners are released, they can turn their heads and see the real objects. Then they realise the error. Platos aim is to describe what is necessary for us to achieve this reflective understanding. But even without it, it remains true that our very ability to think and to speak depends on the forms. The prisoners may learn what certain objects are as they would have seen the shadows of them but if they referred back to a certain object thinking of the shadows they would be mistaken. Likewise, we may acquire concepts by our perceptual experience of physical objects. But we would be mistaken if we thought that the concepts that we grasp were on the same level as the things we perceive. Also referring back to the perfect form, the form of good in the story the cave is the sun as the good illuminates the other forms. The allegory of the cave overall, suggests that people are philosophically ignorant, and are like the prisoners chained to the floor of the cave. They can only see the shadows playing on the back of the cave. They assume that these shadows are in fact the whole of reality. The world outside represents the world of the forms. The prisoner who escapes is like the person who achieves philosophical enlightenment. Platos, forms are sorts, kinds or types of things. They were not created, and they do not do anything. They are simply there. The forms are timeless, unchanging and beyond space. The created world, by contrast, is made of contingent, imperfect, stuff, which has been subjected to change and also decay.

What Where How to Write an Anxiety Disorder Case Study

What Where How to Write an Anxiety Disorder Case Study Depending on the academic specialty, students compose different types of academic assignments on various topics. Thus, students of psychological and/or medical faculties write an anxiety disorder case study. This is an interesting piece of writing. It is targeted at revealing something new in the aspects, which have been already studied. This paper should extend or strengthen the previous studies. It brings a clearer explanation of the studied question. Anxiety disorder is a serious mental disease, which is likewise interesting. The disease is characterized by constant and unexpected attacks of fear, panic, and anxiety. There are multiple types of research targeted at identifying and clarifying the essentials of this mental deviation. Therefore, every student will have some food to chew on. You shouldn’t be afraid of this assignment or theme. Both cases are relevant to society and science. You should undertake the pretty common steps. These are: Choose a topic Research the main question Find information Outline the project Draft Write the major parts Revise Submit Your first objective is to select a topic. Luckily, the choice is really rich and impressive. For instance, you may describe and analyze one of the anxiety disorder types, its causes, main symptoms or effective ways of treatment. The next step is to research your topic. Find all the related facts concerning anxiety disorder. This may be a social anxiety disorder. It’s characterized by overwhelming worry and nervousness in social situations. This type may be narrowed even more. Some people are afraid of being ridiculed. Describe this specific state. Seek targeted information and add something novel. The case has been studied for many a time. Therefore, you should gather general and well-known facts to begin with. Afterward, research the major question. This may be the most effective therapy for this particular type of the deviation. You should study all possible methods and identify the one, which produces the best results. You ought to find the approved evidence. Afterward, make an outline. Think which writing stages to undertake and how long every phase should last. Write a rough draft. It may be even messy. Your main goal is to see an approximate version of the accomplished paper. After the preliminary stages, begin to write the final version. It includes: Implement the general information concerning your main question. Use some catchy and significant facts. A thesis statement. Clarify your main purpose in a single sentence (maximum two). Tell what you research and why. Make it strong and plain for understanding. Main plot. Develop the thesis statement. Discuss at least three sub-arguments. Use the dependable and effective examples (graphics, surveys, statistics, etc.). Summarize your project in three or four sentences. Mention your major argument once more. Reveal and interpret the outcomes of your study. In the end, proofread and edit the entire project. Check it several times to be sure that you haven’t made any mistakes. Once you verify every section of your writing, you’re welcome to submit.

Leadership in Nursing

Leadership in Nursing Mahoney (2001) points out the importance of developing future leaders among nurses. Leadership qualities are often required in nurses’ work, especially when they treat people who work in the top-management sector. According to Curtis, DeVries, and Sheerin (2011), everyone who is responsible for assistance, and everyone who is considered an authority (for example, medics who treat patients) is a leader. Leaders among nurses are involved in development of treatment methods; they improve treatment and provide new approaches (Cook, 2001). Along with this, we consider leadership not a specific skill or a group of skills, but an example of proper behavior (Cook, 2001). Leadership also includes an example of perfect performance. Main goal of every leader is not to just control others, but to organize and plan all actions of other employees, as well as to create all necessary conditions for them to benefit from work (Jooste, 2004). Many experts defined leadership in different ways, but some features are common for a lot of different definitions. Most authors agree that leadership includes influence; it develops within groups, it depends on a particular goal, and it is present on every level (Faugier Woolnough, 2002). There are a few different types of leadership. For example, there is an autocratic type of leadership that excludes any participation in decision-making (Curtis, DeVries, and Sheering, 2011). At the same time, bureaucratic type of leadership implies strict adherence to established system of rules and regulations. Another type of leadership allows other employees to search for a best decision, considering different solutions, and making employees participate in planning and in success of the overall work (Fradd, 2004). Another type of leadership is called laissez-faire leadership, and it gives employees almost total freedom in decision-making and goal setting. This type is described by Faugier Woo lnough (2002) as the most risky one. The most flexible type of leadership is situational leadership, where a leader switches among different styles, depending on a situation and a particular goal. We considered the basis of a leadership theory and common types of leadership. Moiden (2002) states that theory is used to describe reality, while various types of leadership are different ways to implement such a theory. Every organization has to consider different approaches and choose a style that corresponds to particular goals. Choosing a necessary style, an organization must look for a best performance in various conditions. Here the point is to provide highest efficiency in any circumstances (Moiden, 2002). We also have to highlight the key difference between leadership and management. Leaders provide motivation, proper vision, and inspiration, while managers provide control and planning (Faugier Woolnough, 2002). Transformational Leadership VS Transactional Leadership According to Outhwaite (2003), transactional type of leadership requires certain skills which can improve everyday routine and increase its efficiency. The main goal of transformational leadership is to ensure that all members of team cooperate and benefit from innovations. Good leader is able to assess everyone’s potential and interests of any particular employee, sorting tasks and involving members of a team depending on their individual skills. In turn, such an approach helps the leader develop his or her leadership abilities, which creates necessary environment for the further development of their careers. According to Outhwaite (2003), leaders must be able to determine obstacles and possible conflicts, in order to solve any problems at the very beginning. Leader should be close to the team, participating in the process, and staying in touch with all members of the team. When a leader is an important part of the team, he or she serves as an example, and is able to estimate all difficulties, goals, and perspectives. Thus, a real leader must be responsible and qualified. While the goal of transactional leaders is to provide effective everyday work, transformational leaders must help employees unleash and develop their full potential. This type of leader should create the necessary direction and motivate everyone to focus on necessary tasks. According to Cook (2001), transformational leader must influence others, giving them understanding of most important goals. Faugier Woolnough (2002) point out the importance of articulating and developing necessary vision among different members of a team. While transactional leaders should provide efficient management, transformational leaders, must be able to increase possibilities of employees, and so provide better conditions for the entire project. De Geest et al. (2003) describe feature of transformational management on the example of Magnet hospitals. They illustrate how development of leadership positions improved the level of treatment among employees, as well as patients. These hospitals provided a number of innovations, creating the atmosphere of trust, providing highest ethical standards, and estimating all possibilities of development in future (De Geest et al., 2003). Authors note that leadership skills are mostly important today, when directions of health care change all the time, due to technological innovations and increase in demand among patients. Authors state that such a type of leadership provides much higher level of satisfaction among employees, therefore creating necessary motivation and increasing performance. In turn, such changes provide higher level of satisfaction among patients. According to De Geest et al. (2003), leaders have to implement democratic, efficient, and supportive methods, to provide non- stop development, and guarantee benefits for both patients and employees. Transformational leadership considers interpersonal relations between the leader and other employees, which is why we must mention empowerment (Hyett, 2003). Empowerment gives nurses confidence and will to act efficiently in any circumstances. Implementing a team approach, leaders must be able to create strict boundaries and formulate clear goals. The team must be supported on every stage of the process. At the same time, Welford (2002) notes that a nurse manager must be able to create a balance between the use of power and democratic methods, in order to avoid abuse of power. Hyett (2003) focuses on the atmosphere of trust and respect, defining it as the key feature of transformational leadership. Clinical Governance VS Shared Governance Generally, clinical governance is a relatively new approach, which implies the National Health Service’s control over the quality of service, as well as provides new standards of treatment. Moiden (2002) writes about the creation of necessary environment to improve clinical service. Modern standards of UK government imply new types of leadership that are able to support diversity among employees, building a strong community at the same time. Scott and Caress (2005) note that development of leadership approaches is necessary for professional development of staff. Shared governance is one of methods used to realize such a goal (Hyett, 2003). First of all, this method implies empowerment of all staff, making them able to work on common goals and participate in decision making process. Rycroft et al. (2004) call it multi-professional care. Scott and Caress (2005) note that this approach helps to decentralize management, motivating staff to work together, and increasing responsibil ities. This method provides much better results than a classical system of hierarchy. It increases motivation and satisfaction of staff, which makes employees want to make significant contribution, using their creativity and improving their most useful skills. Skills and Knowledge of a Nurse Leader Obviously, leaders must have necessary knowledge of management. They have to create proper atmosphere within a team, as well as understand necessary details about finances and economics. Mahoney (2001) notes that leaders must also have knowledge of evidence-based outcomes. However, according to Mahoney (2001), this list of skills is not complete, since every nurse leader also must be competent, and creative. Leaders must easily collaborate with other workers and stay up to date about all changes in standards of treatment. Not only have they to be aware of the latest medical trends, but also to implement these standards and make sure that they are applied efficiently. Moiden (2003) notes that leaders must be able to understand needs of staff, creating necessary conditions for work, in order to increase productivity. Strong leadership is based on three main things, such as influence, authority, and power (Jooste, 2004). Taking into account modern tendencies in management, we can conclude that a leader must use influence more, trying to use less power. A leader must be able to find common ground in every situation, negotiating with staff, motivating and persuading them. Author highlights three necessary methods that help improve communication between workers and a leader, such as instructions, caring relationships, and modelling, which is supporting a point with examples. De Geest et al. (2004) sorts necessary skills, and creates a list of five necessary practices for leaders, including modelling, inspiring, motivating to act in a certain way, challenging, and encouraging. A leader must be able to correctly assess contributions, creating the atmosphere of competition among employees, therefore encouraging them and increasing performance. Mahoney (2001) states that such an approach helps the leader to focus not only on leadership issues, but on the whole team as well. Practice Settings Hyett (2003) notes that most health visitors have no necessary mechanisms of self-control, which could help them make decisions and take them out of a self-led environment. In such conditions, nurses don’t initiate changes, since such initiatives don’t find support. As a result, most active nurses lose their confidence and don’t feel able to support their colleagues. Fradd (2004) states that such problems are the most important issue in a context of motivation, noting that the lack of motivation directly affects the quality of medical care. Often managers don’t pay necessary attention to self-esteem of staff, focusing only on a range of medical services, and so increasing dependence, and decreasing motivation. Hyett (2003) states that such conditions may be the reason for workers to leave their job, or even change their line of work. Every time when a nurse leaves a position, an organization faces the need to find new employee, and so spend extra time on t raining. In turn, it means additional costs on training and recruitment. According to statistics based on focus groups, most nurses describe leaders as enthusiasts, who can easily show them necessary direction, inspire them, and support them with necessary advice. Rycroft-Malone et al. (2004) claims that nurses don’t want a leader who will speak from the position of power; a real leader must have enough knowledge, and be able to collaborate with others, working on the same goals, managing them, and demonstrating his or her developed skills. Social Context Nurse leaders participate in every stage of work, providing effective management. We can see how leadership changed through time, moving towards smart management, and excluding the role of overpowering. According to Jooste (2004), now difference between lower, middle, and top management slowly disappears, because leaders of each level are no more limited in their tasks. Now each leader must be flexible and able to act in unexpected situations. This fact leads to wider responsibilities, and so to new standards of health care. Large et al. (2005) consider a leadership program of the Royal College of Nursing. This program of political leadership includes several steps. First of all, leaders should be able to estimate the most important issues, creating a proposal for change. They must involve more participants in discussion, talking to both supporters and opponents of each project. Leaders must build communication and deliver effective messages, creating healthy environment for collaboration between different parts of an organization. Education Cook (2001) points out the importance of investment in education. We must teach nurses how to be a leader. Cook insists on including leadership into the basic nursing curricula, also noting that such a type of education must be available not only during training, but also during their careers. Such an approach is wide, and we can consider its benefits on the example of evidence evaluation. Nurses must be able to analyze evidences and make decisions based on the strongest evidence. To make it possible, we need to provide nurses with necessary knowledge, as well as to train them. They must be able to adapt to unexpected circumstances, and make decisions fast and effectively. According to Moiden (2002), we must provide nurses with understanding of possible situations, and with necessary knowledge, so they could find solutions for unexpected issues. To support the use of transformational leadership, NHS created the Leading an Empowered Organization. They hope that such incentives will help nurses develop and realize their authority and responsibility. This program defines the goal as an ability to take risks, solve unexpected problems, and develop autonomy. Along with the Leading an Empowered Organization, another program was created to help nurses discover their leadership qualities. It’s the RCN Clinical Leaders Program (Faugier Woolnough, 2002). New Challenges and Opportunities Jooste (2004) states that health care constantly produces new challenges and changes the environment for nurses. They must be able to react to unexpected events immediately, take the initiative and make important decisions. This all is impossible with the old hierarchic approach to leadership. New approaches make it possible to introduce new methods of motivation, creating necessary conditions for talking, listening, and encouraging. Hyett (2003) describes leadership as an ability to develop new methods and introduce new systems, in order to provide understanding of a desired vision. Now we are saying that everyone can be a leader, since all a future leader needs is a number of certain skills and practices. First of all, nurse leaders must be flexible, confident, and have necessary knowledge (Hyett, 2003). Empowering Patients Fradd (2004) states that only those organizations that have good leaders are able to satisfy patients. Most patients assess medical care depending on the nurse’s behavior, so this profession is one of the most important medical professions in the context of individual trust. A patient can be more or less involved in care, and in this case everything depends on the nurse. Many patients understand features of their disease, or at least want to be as informed about it, as possible. Thus, patients must be involved in discussions, getting necessary information about features of their treatment. Patients need to talk to nurses, and nurses have to be able to argue with patients, as well as to reassure them, and give them necessary information in an understandable way. According to Outhwaite (2003), nurses must be able to protect interests of the patient, in case if a doctor places his own opinion above patient’s opinion. According to Welford (2002), transformational leadership is a method that allows followers participate in important process along with a leader. This method also provides a flexible structure of management, which helps both the leader and followers adapt to fast changes. Mahoney (2001) states that getting rid of hierarchical structures, organizations are able to form strong teams, where all experts and professions collaborate, and so increase performance of the entire organization. As a result, both patients and nurses are satisfied, and this result helps add value for customers and for staff as well. This is an example of an essay. Don’t present it as your own work, since it wouldn’t pass a plagiarism check. If you’re looking for qualitative and affordable college papers, just contact us now!

Curruption in Russia Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Curruption in Russia - Research Paper Example It has been reported that $35 billion were stolen from government funds in 2010. Corruption in Russia has put a massive burden on the economy and the society and is badly affecting the country as a whole. It has slackened the growth of the economy, and has devalued the government’s efforts to establish a strong infrastructure and a social welfare system. It is mostly fueled by Russia’s weak control over the government sectors and the judiciary system as a whole. Unfortunately, this phenomenon cannot be controlled without threatening the lifestyle and regime of the influential people in the country, who control a large share of the country’s economy. A well-governed lawful state is the only hope to reduce corruption in the country, but it cannot be established without the support of the elite society in the country. The fact that a new system of government has to be formed by breaking the old structure has daunted all past presidents of the country, and has made t hem even more reluctant to bring changes in the country. (Corruption Grows in Russia) Foreign investors have concluded that Russia is a very risky place to invest their money, which has come as a big blow to the country’s economy. Foreign investors are continuously being cheated and plundered, which has made them ever more reluctant to invest. Hermitage Capital Management, one of the largest investors in the Russian stock market, was occupied in a case that showed the ever-increasing corruption in the Russian justice system, and the level its credibility. Hermitage has accused the Russian judiciary and the police force, to have taken bribes from local gangsters, in order to sell three of Hermitage’s Russian subsidiaries. Furthermore, these subsidiaries were used to steal $230 million from the Russian budget. Hermitage has also informed the Russian State Audit Chamber, of other cases where similar fraud has occured with other companies, which ultimately cost the Russian budget a loss of $240 million. Hermitage has also declared that all these frauds were interlinked, and the police, judges and organized criminal groups, were all involved in the conspiracy. (The Hermitage case and corruption in Russia). There have been numerous other corruption cases regarding the Russian government. In 2010, The U.S. Justice Department revealed documents, which accused the German carmaker Daimler to have paid the Russian government officials, millions of euros in bribe. This was to seal the sales of patrol cars for the police and sedans for the presidential motorcade. For some time, there was no reaction from the Russian government, and things remained quiet. At last, Russian Ministry of Interior, declared an investigation regarding car sales and purchase in the recent year. Although, some government officials, who promised to solve it, met this Daimler case with much vigor the case remains one of the foremost examples of the corruption existing in Russia, and how vulnerable the government officials are to bribes and other forms of corruption. In addition, in 2007, prosecutors in Germany, who were accused of taking bribes from the multi-national company, Siemens, revealed numerous names of Russian government officials. (Russia Slow to Pick Up the Lead in Bribery Cases) Corruption in Russia is not only affecting the economy, but is also slowing down the country’s transition from communism to capitalism. Russia is still recovering from its communism policies, but the

Price Elasticity of Demand Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Price Elasticity of Demand - Term Paper Example When elasticity is greater than 1 the quantity demanded changes to a greater degree than the change in price. The demand curve aligns increasingly aligns itself to the x-axis in the case of near infinite elasticity, meaning that the quantity demanded is particularly responsive to changes in price. This case is also known as being perfectly elastic and is shown in the graph below: From this demand curve, it is evident that an extremely minute change in price would lead to an infinitely large change in quantity demanded. This scenario can be applied to perfectly competitive markets or luxury items. When elasticity is less than one the quantity demanded response insignificantly to changes in price. Increase the price would increase revenue, and vice versa. As the elasticity approaches 0, the demand curve becomes parallel to the y-axis. So the quantity demanded becomes more or less independent of price. This is known as being perfectly inelastic demand. Integration is the concept of supp ly chain management that origins from microeconomics. The basic idea is to partner or collaborate with all the stakeholders relevant to the production of goods and services offered by an organization. There are several ways of doing so; we will look at each in detail along with its advantages and disadvantages. In horizontal integration, an organization merges with its competitor(s) that produce similar products. Advantages - The basic advantage of horizontal integration is that it may provide economies of scale. Increased distribution capacity and market access are also possible, leading to greater market share. Disadvantage - the major disadvantage is that since horizontal Integration restricts competition it might lead to the creation of conglomerates or even monopolies. This, in turn, can be harmful to the interests of end-consumers.

Brighton Seaside Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Brighton Seaside - Essay Example In 1313, Edward II granted Brighthelmston a charter that allowed market operations each Thursday at Brighton seaside. The market operations developed Brighton into a tourist site and visited by many vacationers. In the 21st century, Brighton and Hove have grown into a world tourist attraction. The new sea front has turned into an attractive and trendy magnet for visitors. Additionally, the newly created clubs, bars and restaurants has changed the area into fashionable beachfront in Britain. Today, it is highly regarded by theatregoers and artists as the main center for much famous west ends London productions. According to statistics, Brighton pier now at 1722 ft. in length with grade two-listed building, welcomes over three million visitors annually (Easdown 2009, p.12). Besides, Brighton seaside has been included among the top ten UK destinations for overseas visitors and top five most favorite cities. Brighton seaside is the future attraction site where one can find culture, good shopping, and enough food with the selection of specialty hotels. It is estimated to host over eight million visitors annually incorporating conference delegates and leisure visitors (Benson, 2015, p.1). According to Office for National Statistics (2014), Brighton is the most popular destination in the UK that is preferred by foreign tourists. In 2013, it hosted nearly 400, 000 foreign visitors. Benson, R 2015, Coastlines: The Story of Our Shore by Patrick Barkham, Book Review, The Independent. Retrieved On 30th March, 2015 from http://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/books/reviews/coastlines-the-story-of-our-shore-by-patrick-barkham-book-review-10120105.html Farmer, B 2015, Pay Less for Parking in the Rain Plan for Seaside Town, The Telegraph, Retrieved On March 30, 2015

Anarchism and revolution Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Anarchism and revolution - Essay Example On the other hand, fascism was a political philosophy whose basic principles were the opposite of anarchism. In the 1920s and 1930s, fascism took center stage in European politics. It was a form of authoritarian rule devoid of democratic foundations (Woodcock, 2004). This was bound to create conflict with the proponents of anarchism. Examples of fascist leaders were Benito Mussolini of Italy and Adolf Hitler of Germany. They advocated for a mixed economy, militarism, ultra-nationalism and a devotion to a strong leader. Luigi Fabrri, a veteran Italian anarchist, was one of the fiercest critics of fascism. Although many of the anarchist proponents were arrested and perhaps killed, most of anarchists in France and Italy took an active role of resistance in World War II. After the war, few parties openly considered themselves as fascists. In fact, anarchism sought to restructure itself and several debates took place, especially in the anarchists’ movements of France and Italy. Sev eral anarchist federations and associations were formed in other countries across Europe. Besides, intellectual and literary personalities of that time were influenced, openly embraced anarchism and collaborated in formation of the federations (Goldstein, 2013). In essence, anarchism and revolution plan shaped up politics in Europe in mid 19th

Porters Model of National Competitive Advantage Essay

Porters Model of National Competitive Advantage - Essay Example This paper illustrates that in the book ‘The Competitive Advantage of Nations’ Michael Porter discussed the reasons why some nations, social groups and economic institutions advances than others. His work focused on the collective competitive advantages of the firms in the nation rather than the performance of the individual firms. The orientation of his work is positive rather normative focusing on the international patterns of competitive advantage. He developed this model by combining theories in the fields of strategies to compete and international economics and performed an inductive and deductive analysis. Porter’s model was a result of the analysis and the study of 100 industries in 10 countries which included counties from Europe, Asia, and America, regarding their competitive performance. His work showed how industrial competiveness with a different insight can be incorporated into company’s strategy. Porter used strategic management theories and a nalyzed them with international trade and economy. The book emphasizes the fact that the national competitiveness is determined by the firms rather than the nations. The theory suggests that the influence the nation has on the competitiveness of the firms depends on the firm’s competitive success that the environment built over time. The nation acts as a ‘home base’ for the firms, this home base helps in developing the firm’s strategy, culture, character of its management, the availability and quality of resources, technology and helps it in establishing prior to its expansion internationally as the firms grow domestically before they plan their expansion internationally. The theory basically analyses the characteristics, rather four variables of the national environment which are the basis of competitive advantage and determines firm’s ability to compete and sustain itself in international markets. The Porter referred these variables as ‘Nati onal Diamond’. These four variables are firm’s strategy structure and rivalry, factor conditions, demand conditions and related and supporting industries.

Arrow Electronics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Arrow Electronics - Essay Example Zeus to military and aerospace customers, wile, A/S & Anthem to industrial customers. The two other groups were product driven and they are Gates/Arrow distributing and selling primary computer systems, peripherals and software, Capstone electronics passive components. In all the groups Arrow/Schweber (A/S), the largest of Arrow's working groups having higher levels of technological expertise through technical certification of its field sales representatives (FSR). A/S operations were configured by branch, headed by General Manager includes Field sales and inside sales representatives, products managers, field application engineers and others. Overall six VP's oversaw A/S's 39 branch mangers. Arrow electronics was a broad line distribution of electronic parts including semiconductor and passive components, under the leadership of Stephen Kaufman and reached the number one position among electronics distributors by 1992. Most of the distribution companies' worldwide passing through co nsolidation phase and small number of large companies capturing the top tier of the markets by 1997. Arrow's nearest competitors in 1996 is Avnet Inc. having sales around 20% less than Arrow during the year. Other competitors of Arrow, are Future electronics, Pioneer standard, Wyle and Marshall Industries and all have only quarter size of Arrow in total sales volume and earned less than Arrow's largest operating group. Arrow is making profit and earned more than $6.5 billion in sales in 1996. This situation shows Arrow position is very strong in the market having only one genuine competitor Avnet Inc. Creating more value. Basically distributors like Arrow's relationship and dependence with suppliers are vice-versa where both depend on each other. In an electronic industry where top 10 suppliers controls 80% of products, A/S's suppliers list included 56 companies in 1997 and growing. This shows that A/S is not solely dependent on top suppliers or selected few suppliers but effective management of large number of suppliers is not an easy job and requires better networking which incurs high cost. A/S's largest supplier Altera, the manufacturer of proprietary programmable logic device (PLD's) supplies 80% of its products through two distributors capable of providing value added programming required by individual customers. Large suppliers like Intel, Taxes instruments and Motorola are the other 3 of the big four suppliers for the A/S. Now before analyzing A/S on the basis of value provider, we should first understand what is value chain and how it work What is value: The value chain is a system of interdependent rather than independent activities. The way one activity is performed usually has an impact on the way other activities and undertaken. The ability to coordinate the linkages enhances the scope of cutting costs or increasing differentiation. The first step is to identify all the value chain activities that are relevant to the business. The value chain must be defined broadly enough to include all the activities that influence profitability. Once companies like Arrow's identifies how profits are distributed across the industry value chain, it has a better idea of how to reconstruct the value chain to improve performance. Indeed new business models emerge by virtue of their superior ability to create and deliver value. A company can create a stronger competitive position for itself on the value chain by addressing important issues like: How value is being captured; The gap

Porters Model of National Competitive Advantage Essay

Porters Model of National Competitive Advantage - Essay Example This paper illustrates that in the book ‘The Competitive Advantage of Nations’ Michael Porter discussed the reasons why some nations, social groups and economic institutions advances than others. His work focused on the collective competitive advantages of the firms in the nation rather than the performance of the individual firms. The orientation of his work is positive rather normative focusing on the international patterns of competitive advantage. He developed this model by combining theories in the fields of strategies to compete and international economics and performed an inductive and deductive analysis. Porter’s model was a result of the analysis and the study of 100 industries in 10 countries which included counties from Europe, Asia, and America, regarding their competitive performance. His work showed how industrial competiveness with a different insight can be incorporated into company’s strategy. Porter used strategic management theories and a nalyzed them with international trade and economy. The book emphasizes the fact that the national competitiveness is determined by the firms rather than the nations. The theory suggests that the influence the nation has on the competitiveness of the firms depends on the firm’s competitive success that the environment built over time. The nation acts as a ‘home base’ for the firms, this home base helps in developing the firm’s strategy, culture, character of its management, the availability and quality of resources, technology and helps it in establishing prior to its expansion internationally as the firms grow domestically before they plan their expansion internationally. The theory basically analyses the characteristics, rather four variables of the national environment which are the basis of competitive advantage and determines firm’s ability to compete and sustain itself in international markets. The Porter referred these variables as ‘Nati onal Diamond’. These four variables are firm’s strategy structure and rivalry, factor conditions, demand conditions and related and supporting industries.

Cultural Resource Management Essay Example for Free

Cultural Resource Management Essay 1. (2pts each) Utilizing the lecture notes from the first day of class, define the following terms: Cultural Resources – Are the sources of culture such as art, heritage, artifacts, and architecture Cultural Resource Management – The main form of archaeology in the USA. It is used mostly by archaeologists to refer to management of historic places based on their archaeological, architectural, and historical interests in compliance with the environmental and historic preservation laws. Mostly salvage or rescue archaeology is conducted. Historic Preservation – A way of preserving historic places, landmarks, and artifacts to protect them from destruction or any other means that may harm them. Historic Properties – Places of historic significance that are protected under the historic preservation act. These can include architecture, such as the Mount Vernon Estate, as well as specific pieces of land themselves, such as Gettysburg. Archeological Resources – Sources that can provide significant amounts of archaeological data such as artifacts and features. It is also something that may provided pertinent information to the archaeological record. 2. (2 pts) What is the function of cultural resource management, and what are the values of cultural resources? The function of cultural resource management (CRM) is to protect historic places based on their archaeological, architectural, and historic interests. A majority of the work done in CRM is salvage archaeology. To put it in better terms they try to salvage as much from a site as possible before construction or other forms of land development destroy it. Cultural resources provide a link to the significant knowledge that can be ascertained from archaeological and significant historical sites. 3. (5pts) The late 19th century witnessed a transformation in the way our nation viewed cultural resources. Provide an overview of private attempts at preservation during the late 19th century. There were many attempts at preservation during the late 19th century. A few that come to mind are that of Independence Hall, Gettysburg and the Mount Vernon Estate. The Mount Vernon Estate was bought by a group of people known as the Mount Vernon Ladies Association for preservation. They fully restored the Estate to its formal glory. A group of concerned citizens established the Gettysburg Battlefield Memorial Association whose purpose was to preserve portions of the battlefield as a memorial to the Union Army that fought here. They eventually transferred their land holdings to the Federal government in 1895, which designated Gettysburg as a National Military Park. In 1872 the city of Philadelphia set aside Independence hall and forever declared it a significant landmark, which in turn led to its restoration. 4. The late 19th century witnessed a transformation in the way our nation viewed cultural resources, and this resulted in the 20th century with the passage of major state and federal legislation directed toward promoting cultural resource preservation. For each of the following provide the following information: Antiquities Act of 1906 (9pts) a. This was the first law passed by the United States government that attempted to protect cultural resources and antiquities, allow the president to decide which resources he deemed worthy of protection, and for excavations to be conducted only with authorized permits. b. This legislation was intended to deal with the protection of significant historic lands and sites, as well as establish rules to limit the destruction and looting of said sites and lands. It allowed the president to decide on the significance of a particular site so that he may allow for its protection through federal means. It allowed excavations to be conducted only by means of obtaining a permit. This was to prevent private excavations and looting. It also made anything that was found on the site to be turned into museum hands for the publics benefit. c. The central theme is the protection and procuration of historic landmarks and antiquities through legal means. Historic Sites Act of 1935 (9pts) a. This act was the first assertion of historic preservation as a governmental duty and helped establish rules and organization for the national parks, monuments and historic sites. b. It gives a wide range of powers and responsibilities to the National Park Service and the Secretary of Interior including: codification and institutionalization of Historic American Buildings Survey, authorization to note significant sites and buildings, and to actually be able to carry out and perform preservation work. It also established the National Park System Advisory Board to assist the Secretary of the Interior with administration. c. The central theme to this act was to formulate a means of organization and rules for the preservation and maintenance of historic sites. Missouri Basin Project (9pts) a. This project was conducted as a means of emergency or salvage archaeology at water resource development projects within the vast Missouri River Basin. b. The issue that the legislation faced here was the destruction of potential archaeological sites along the Missouri River Basin. c. The central theme is the ideal behind salvage archaeology and how it can benefit the archaeological record before it is destroyed by some form of major construction or other land development. Federal-Aid Highway Act of 1956 (9pts) a. Before the interstate could be put in this law allowed for an archaeological survey and potential excavation to be conducted. b. This law was passed to help preserve archaeological data that might be damaged or destroyed by the construction of the interstate. c. The theme for this law is to allow archaeologists to salvage as much information as possible from potential sites before construction of the interstate could begin. Reservoir Salvage Act of 1960 (9pts) a. Provides a means for the recovery and preservation of historical and archaeological data that might be lost or destroyed in the construction of dams and reservoirs. b. With all the big damns and large-scale construction being done at this time, this law provided a means for archaeologists to excavate and salvage as much data as possible before the construction was to begin. c. The theme for this law is to provide a way of preserving as much data as possible from a site before construction or completion of a damn or reservoir destroys it. National Historic Preservation Act of 1966 (9pts) a. This act was created to preserve historical and archaeological sites in the United States of America and created the National Register of Historic Places, the list of National Historic Landmarks, and the State Historic Preservation Offices. b. This legislation provided a means to not only protect significant historic places but also a means to help govern how to run them and how to decide which ones even make the cut to be placed on the list. c. The theme for this law is to provide a means of deciding which landmarks, architecture and significant sites should be included in federal protection as well as how to actually keep up with their restoration. 5. (5pts) Briefly summary the strengths and weaknesses of Works Progress Administration (WPA) Archaeology as part of Roosevelt’s New Deal Programs? This type of archaeology offered many new jobs for people to fill. It also provided a means of excavating sites that were potentially unreachable due to their location and how deep they were actually buried. It created a long lasting impression on archaeology and anthropology as well. It created museums and anthropology departments at universities across the nation. It also created many vast collections of artifacts. The bad with this type of archaeology was that people had to work all year round and often in terrible conditions. Since many of the workers were untrained they had potential to damage artifacts and sites that they came across. 6. (5pts) Provide an overview of the significance of Section 101 of the HPA? It formed the State Historic Preservation Office (SHPO). SHPO’s responsibilities include surveying and recognizing historic properties, reviewing properties to be placed on the National Register for Historic Places, reviewing undertakings for the impact of these properties and finally supporting federal, state and local governments as well as the private sector. States are responsible for setting up their own SHPO and thus each one varies in its rules and regulations. 7. (5pts) What is the National Register of Historic Places? What makes an historic property eligible for the National Register? Discuss the â€Å"Criteria of Significance† and the â€Å"Criteria of Integrity), etc The national register of historic places is a register that was invented to protect historic properties of significant value to the history of the United States. To be eligible for admission to the register a property must be go through a list called the Criteria of Significance. It has to have one of the following to be able to be on the list. A property must be associated with events that made a significant contribution to our nations history, be associated with a significant historical person of our nations history, have the ability to provide significant information about history or prehistory, and lastly embodies the distinctive characteristics of a type, period, or method of construction, or that represent the work of a master, or that possess high artistic values, or that represent a significant and distinguishable entity whose components may lack individual distinction. 8. (5pts) Provide an overview of Section 106 process of National Historic Preservation Act. Include the steps (that I talked about in class) of the Section 106 â€Å"Consultation† process. Discuss assessment and mitigation of adverse effect in your answer. Section 106 mandates federal agencies undergo a review process for all federally funded and permitted projects that will impact sites listed on, or eligible for listing on, the National Register of Historic Places. The steps for Consultation process include 1 Initiation of the Section 106 Review; 2 Identification of Historic Properties; 3 Assessment of Adverse Effects; and 4 Resolution of Adverse Effects. If an adverse effect is expected, the agency is required to work with the local State Historic Preservation Office to ensure that all interested parties are given an opportunity to review the proposed work and provide feedback. This allows for steps to be found avoiding having an adverse effect on historic properties. A Memorandum of Agreement is then reached between all consulting parties outlining agreed to mitigation or avoidance of historic properties. Without said process, historic sites or properties would lose out on significant protection. It provides a process to help decide different approaches or solutions to a project but does not mean that it prevents site destruction or alteration. 9. (6pts) Provide a one word definition for each of the follow (2pts each): Phase I- Identification Phase II- Evaluation Phase III- Mitigation 10. (5pts) YOUR OPINION†¦IS IT a duty of our society and as a community to protect and preserve our heritage? Are communities doing enough to protect their heritage, or are they doing too much, imposing their will too aggressively and infringing the property of others?

Tata Group

Tata Group Tata Group Introduction Tata Motors, the number one automobile company in India, holds a position of prestige also in the international market. Apart from India the company has its operations is many international markets such as South Korea, Thailand and Spain. It was established in India, in the year 1945; and with the passage of time the company grew larger and larger to become a part of the global arena (Tata Motors, n.d.). Among other factors, a well balanced human resource management is one that helped the company to attain such heights. Tata Motors is a subsidiary of Tata Groups. The parent concern is a well diversified business group which has existence in engineering sector, energy sector, chemical industry and hospitality as well as financial service sector. Tata group is a century old business established in 1874 by Jamsedhji Nusserwanji Tata (Goldstein, 2008, p.6). Tata Group is a conglomerate like many others in developing nations. The diagram provided below will better illustrate the structure on which the company operates. At present the chairman of Tata Group is Ratan Tata, who is the grandson of the founder of the Tata Group. The changing business strategy has compelled the company to shift its management focus from traditional to more contemporary style. This change is adopted to make the company more competitive in the long run. This report gives a fair idea regarding various factors related to the human resource management. These factors include human resource planning, job evaluation, motivation, rewards, criteria for redundancy etc. The report includes relevant theories and their possible application in the context of Tata corp. Task 1 Since its inception, the company was able to develop a strong bondage with its employees and the HR department considered the employees as a strategic partner of the company. Though the nature of business changed from a family owned business to a conglomerate managed professionally by the corporate, but the traditional HR approach is still prevalent in the company. According to the higher management, the company is planning to introduce major changes in its HR practices (Tata-a, 2010). As per the company information, the HR department is taking due care to make the policies more transparent by making it more flexible to suit the changing needs of the employees (Tata-b, 2004). In Tata Ltd, the HR department needs to handle all the necessary activities associated with developing an effective human resource force. Hence the list of the activities range from recruitment selection, remuneration related activities, human resource planning, performance appraisal, human force development, grievance handling and many other such vital activities. Different persons involved in the HR department have different role to do, as for example the responsibilities of line managers in HR practices is to motivate the employees to achieve their target and to put their utmost effort to attain excellence in their performance. For many years the company was practicing traditional management style but to attain competency in international market Tata Ltd decided to change its human resource planning. The company plans to expand its business because the economical conditions are ideal for expanding business practices; hence the company needs to hire more human resource. For making the remuneration policy competent to the industry standards, HR department of Tata Ltd needs to collect information regarding the benchmark level in local market and then to set the pay appropriate to the present market condition. According to Michael Armstrong and Angela Baron, job evaluation is â€Å"a systematic process for defining the relative worth of jobs within an organisation† (Armstrong, Baron, 1995). In simple words it can be said that job evaluation is the process of describing and analysing the positions and making comparisons among duties of different employees in terms of individual responsibilities (Goel, 2008). The main objective of job evaluation is to determine employees wages based on their relative jobs or work in the organisation. It clarifies the responsibilities, authority and functions of employees. It is crucial to remember that it is the process of evaluation of job, not of the person who is doing the job. There are two factors that need to be considered during the process of job evaluation. These are internal equity and external equity of the job. Internal equity is referred to the value of job compared to other jobs in the organisation, whereas external equity of the job is referred to the jobs value in the external market (Bogardus, 2004). To determine more accurate pay structure for the employees, the HR department will have to conduct an in-depth job analysis. First and foremost the manager will analyse the respective job responsibility which the employee needs to fulfil, then they will have to find out the skill and knowledge required for fulfilling the job responsibilities (Gerhart Rynes, 2003, p.84). It is a known fact that if the HR department hires highly skilled employees, the cost of pay will also be high. Hence the HR department prefers to hire semi-skilled employees and then provide training so that the employees are able to gather the required skill and knowledge for fulfilling the respective job responsibilities. The company believes in rewarding the employees for motivating them. Since the time the founder of the company realised the importance of its human resource, he provided a fair chance to its employees to be strategic partners. In 2000 the company announced Performance Ethic Program (PEP) for rewa rding the high performing employees (Tata-c, 2003). Rewards and motivation are interrelated. This relation can be better explained by describing motivational theories like Maslows Hierarchy of Needs. According to Maslow there is a hierarchy of five different needs. These are physiological, safety, social, esteem and self-actualisation needs. Various physiological needs include hunger, thirst, sex, shelter etc. Safety needs are referred to the needs for protection from various emotional and physical harms. Social needs include needs for affection, acceptance, belongingness and friendship. The fourth need which is the esteem need is referred to the need for autonomy, self-respect, achievement, recognition, status etc. Finally the need for self-actualisation is referred to the drive of becoming what an individual is able to become. Each and every person has any one of these needs. A person, who has fulfilled all his physiological needs, would now look for meeting the safety related needs. Generally in an organisation like Tata Corp. empl oyees are expected to meet their physiological and safety needs easily. As a result they would try to meet either safety needs or esteem needs or self-actualisation needs. If rewards that are given from the organisation help employees in fulfilling their needs then they will be definitely motivated. A middle level manager who has already fulfilled his first three needs will certainly look for meeting the other two kinds of needs. He will look for more recognition and status. He will try to achieve all the objectives in his professional life. If the organisation can help him in this process then that help will be considered as a reward. The company can give him more opportunities, responsibilities and more right to make decisions. On the other hand a top level manager is expected to fulfil the needs for self-actualisation. He will be keen to become what he is capable of. The best way to motivate him is to provide him all the opportunities from organisations side and help him in achie ving his personal goals and objectives. The management not only provides monitory but also provides many non-monitory rewards to the employees to enhance their performance and motivation level. Thus it can be said that the HR department of Tata Ltd follows ‘Maslow need theory to motivate the employees. The company thereby follows a Balance Scorecard to appraise employees performance. Task 2 As compared to the other car manufacturing companies, the recruitment policy of Tata Ltd is quite different. For example GM, one of the market leader in car manufacture industry follows a more contemporary recruitment polices whereas in Tata Motor the influence of family owned business culture is distinctly visible. During the recruitment process preference is given to the internal source of recruitment. In GM the recruitment and selection follows a well mapped process of interview and it is more structured but in Tata motor the employees have to go through a chain of event and the interview is often quite lengthy. This is because the management follows both structured as well as unstructured mode of interview. In GM the employees have a well structured exist policy which reduces time lag. As the turnover rate is moderate, the management prefers to finish all the formalities as fast as possible. On the other hand in Tata Corp the employees generally maintain a lifelong relation; hence the HR department maintains a rudimentary and traditional exit policy. Taking into account the comparison between the HR policies of Tata Motors and GM, it can be concluded that Tata Motor needs to introduce certain changes in their selection process. The company should attract more potential employees who are eager to learn and become a valuable asset for the company. Hence the company needs to restructures its selection process and if required the recruitment activity can be outsources to save valuable time of the HR department. There should be fair criteria for selection regarding redundancy. Criteria for both mandatory and voluntary redundancy need to be capable of justification and must have proper objectives which should be aligned to the overall organisational objectives. There should not be any biasness in the selection criteria in the form of gender, pregnancy, marital status, family status and disability. Redundancy criteria can be influenced by the factors like performance appraisals, efficiency at the work, tenure of the employment and attendance record (CCH Asia Pte Limited, 2009). Conclusion When compared to the industry standards, the HR policies of Tata Motor are not up to the mark. Nevertheless they are efficient enough to encourage the employees to put their level best and work hand in hand to achieve corporate goals. The company however, is not complacent with it and are making efforts to restructure the organisation and change their recruitment and selection policies to achieve corporate excellence. It needs to give more importance on factors such as job evaluation process and criteria for redundancy. Reference Armstrong, M. Baron, A. 1995, The job evaluation handbook, CIPD Publishing Bogardus, A. M. 2004, Human resources jumpstart, John Wiley and Sons CCH Asia Pte Limited, 2009, Termination and Redundancy Practices in Asia, CCH Asia Pte Limited Gerhart, B. A. Rynes, S. 2003. Compensation: theory, evidence, and strategic implications. SAGE. Goel, 2008, Performance Appraisal And Compensation Management: A Modern Approach, PHI Learning Pvt. Ltd. Goldstein, A. January 2008. The Internationalization of Indian Companies: The Case of Tata. Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD). [Pdf]. Available at: http://www.ciaonet.org/wps/casi/0001617/f_0001617_830.pdf [Accessed on April 02, 2010]. Tata Motors. No date. Profile. [online]. Available at: http://www.tatamotors.com/our_world/profile.php [Accessed on April 02, 2010]. Tata-a. January 2010. Finding the right formula. [online]. Available at: http://www.tata.com/media/interviews/inside.aspx?artid=HQqRi4Xvg5A= [Accessed on April 02, 2010]. Tata-b. September 2004. All in a days work. [online]. Available at: http://www.tata.com/careers/articles/inside.aspx?artid=u7jLneDv8kE= [Accessed on April 02, 2010]. Tata-c. 2003August 29, 2003. Tata Steel ranks sixth on the list of top ten employers in India. [online]. Available at: http://www.tata.com/company/releases/inside.aspx?artid=O/xJuBV1UVY= [Accessed on April 02, 2010].

Letter to Teacher for On the Run by Michael Coleman :: Essays Papers

How are you? For my weekly reading of, twenty minutes reading every five days a week, I read two great books I have finished my first book called On the Run by Michael Coleman. The second book was too long and I might have to stop reading this one because it a long and high level book for me. It called The Alchemyst by Michael Scott. I read half of it. This book is about Luke Reid, which is fifteen years old, who had been under arrest for theft more times than he can remember. His talent of picking lock has always helped him. One day there was a pair of remarkable shoes in the 4X4 car, so he starts picking the lock that he was successful at with easy. Just when he was about to grab the shoes these neighborhood thugs, know as Lee Young and Mig Russell, they intersected him and toke the car. When leaving they all most killed the Owners daughter, if it was not for Luke she would died. Luke is caught and is take to juvenile court there he was sentenced the most unusual sentence ever to any one. Luke is to help the carÂ’s ownerÂ’s daughter, Jodi who has been blind since infancy, acting as her guide runner in an upcoming marathon. Does Luke take this chance of changing or does he pass it and run away breaking a heart of poor girl who would rather died by him then get betray by him. Luke because he has been thought a metaphors that surprised me and most readers also. Was it good or not it for you to find out? Protagonist is depended on antagonist because protagonist is a good person, hero, the best, etc. To be a good person, hero, or best there must be other who will be against protagonist. These characters are antagonist. Protagonist is most of the time noting without antagonist. Antagonist is noting with protagonist because they are against them so both are depended on each other. The police officer that caught Luke was on tough man. He must have been hard working to caught Luke. Time play a very important role in this book. It all if he was faster or if he had more time. The places did not matter as much. It could be changed if given a little thought into it and the story would still would be the some.

The Impact of Destruction Essay -- Japanese Internment Camps, Pearl H

Some tremendous features in the history of mankind have been when one group of people were forcibly relocated to satisfy the needs of a more powerful one. This would encompass the Japanese internment camps in America during the World War II. The Japanese internment camps were overcrowded and provided poor living conditions. Likewise, every person had a unique story to this event, â€Å"A true story, involving an extraordinary episode in American history† (Houston x). In the novel Farewell to Manzanar by Jeanne Wakatsuki Houston and James D. Houston, is a traumatizing story Jeanne experienced and wrote down, to be remembered in the future of a historical context. Manzanar represented different areas of Ko Wakatsuki (Papa) and Jeanne Wakatsuki's unique personalities to bring about both destruction and growth, and simultaneously offer influence in each other's characters. The impact of destruction affected the Wakatsuki family's perspective of life and Manzanar itself, b ecause Papa was separated from the Wakatsuki family, arrived home as a changed man, and tore his family members apart. Papa has lived his life with achievement, until the day he was separated from his family after the attack on Pearl Harbor. Papa was falsely charged by the FBI men and was sent to Fort Lincoln with suspicions of supplying oil to Japanese submarines offshore. Because of Papa's destruction, he burned all remaining items such as documents, papers and the Japanese flag that reminded him of the attack. The narrator describes Papa as a â€Å"dark, bitter, brooding presence† (Houston 65). Prior to the internment, Papa's self-esteem was not destroyed. Papa was very enthusiastic and proud for his dignity and attitude. He was seventeen years old when he move... ... would get us past the heat, and the rattlers, and a great deal more† (Houston 202). With confidence, Jeanne took a last look, left Manzanar behind forever, and continued her precious life. Living in the internment camp slowly ended the closeness of the Wakatsuki family; mainly Jeanne's since she was a seven year old girl, who now is an adult. The internment camp and Papa's capture destroyed the unique personalities of Papa and Jeanne. Throughout Farewell to Manzanar, Papa's identity diminished with his family and it was hard for him to live with happiness. Jeanne made a final decision to start a new beginning of her life, after she had visited the old camp with her new family. It was to convince herself that there is a life outside of the camp that Papa created for the Wakatsuki family and that she had to eventually leave her past and begin a new stable life.

Describe How Past Ways Of Working May Affect Present Services

Unit 22†¦ Understanding the Context of Supporting Individuals with Learning Disabilities. 1. 1 Identify Legislation and policies that are designed to promote the human rights, inclusion, equal life chances and citizenship of individuals with learning disabilities. Human Rights Stereotyping labelling Discrimination Anti Discrimination Oppression Anti Oppression Valuing people Mental Capacity Act Human Rights Act 2000. No Secrets – Guidance published by the Department of Health, builds upon the governments respects for human rights and highlights the need to protect vulnerable adults through effective multi-agency work.National Care Standards Commission, now the Commission for Social Care Inspection (CSCI). In Safe Hands: Implementing adult procedures in Wales The Human Rights Act 1998 became law in Briton in 2000 and its articles and protocols, give all people constitutional rights that were intended to prevent discrimination and unfair treatment, echoing and the idea of a dvocacy: Being able to say what I like as long as I respect others. Making choices about my life. Expecting people to listen to me.Having information about my rights. Having my rights respected. Being safe at home and having time to myself. Speaking out and complaining if something is wrong. Choosing the people I see and who my friends are. Getting married and having children. Living with people that I get on with. Deciding what I spend my money on and getting paid for what I do. 1. 2 Explain how this legislation and policies influence the day to day experiences of individuals with learning disabilities and their families.There is less ignorance in the community as more people with learning disabilities have been able to have better access in the community and the public are getting use to adapting to them. Also due to training at work the public are getting training at work and this is also making them aware about disabled people and they are being taught about disabled people. Als o due to legislations, disability act's, SOVA and Mental health acts, disabled people are being employed for work and are not being discriminated against and every one suitable for the job regardless of the disability are being adapted to and employed.Also †back in the day† (still in the 20th century) there were a vast amount of institutions and now there are no institutions due to the legislations that have been put in place and the human rights that there are as it is inhumane to institutionalise anyone. Families are also getting more help form the government and are receiving benefits to help them care for their loved ones. They families are also receiving support from the local councils and carers are coming to the home and taking disabled people out in the community. The day centre's also adheres to the day to day legislation, policies and equal opportunities. 2. Explain what is meant by learning disabilities. A significantly reduced ability to understand new or com plex information, to learn new skills with: A reduced ability to cope independently, which started before adulthood with a lasting effect on development. Degrees of Learning Disabilities MILD: Obvious difficulties in learning, especially educational skill, but can acquire skills of everyday living. MODERSTE: Considerable difficulties in learning, will probably need help mastering everyday skills. SEVERE: Substantial difficulties, language abilities will be limited. Will need support with many daily living activities.PROFOUND: Extreme difficulties in all learning. Limited communication and may possibly have physical needs. Will be dependant on others for personal care and other daily living activities. 2. 2 Give examples of causes of learning disabilities. Causes of learning disabilities can occur at various stages of development either before birth or after birth. The disabilities which occur before birth or (pre-natally) are know as congenital causes such as chromosomes, Fragile X Syndrome. In other cases, harmful substances in the womb may affect a foetus, this could include alcoholism or drug abuse during pregnancy. After birth or (post-natally) causes can occur because of illness, injury or environmental conditions, for example: Meningitis†¦.. Brain injury†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ Malnutrition. 2. 3 Describe the medical and social models of disabilities. The medical model of disability views disabilities as a problem that belongs to the disabled person. It is not seen as a problem that needs the concern of anyone else apart from the disabled individual affected, for example if a wheelchair user is unable to get into a building because there are steps then, the wheelchair is seen as the problem not the steps, according to the medical model.The social model suggests that it is the steps that are the issue not the wheelchair, as it is the steps which are disabling the person access, which is seen as a barrier. This model suggests that it is society disabling people through designing everything to meet the needs of the majority of people, who are not disabled. The social model believe that there is a gre at deal that society can do to reduce and ultimately remove, some of the barriers.This task is the responsibility of society rather then the person, as far as is reasonably practical – which by if it is a big organisation and it is financially possible and financially beneficial, then it would make sense to adapt and make provisions for disabled people to have access for example, wider doors, disabled toilets, a ramp, lifts if it is not a ground level building, although if it is only a small company then it may not benefit them financially to adapt there building. As if they are not getting the business then there may not be a need to adapt for the one in a million disabled person, as it may not be practical. . 4 State the approximate proportion of individuals with a learning disability for whom the cause in not known. In adults with a mild learning disabilities, 50% of cases have no cause of identification. In adults with severe or profound learning disabilities, chromosomal abnormalities cause around 40% of cases. Prenatal and perinatal problems cause around 10% of learning disability, and post natal issues a further 10% of cases and unknown cause's are at around 25%. 2. 5 Describe the possible impact on a family of having a member with a learning disability.The impacts will depend on the type of condition and severity, as well as the physical, emotional, and financial wherewithal of the family and the resources that are available. Having a family member with a learning disability can be reacted upon in many different ways, for example – A family may see this family member no differently from their other children. They will support the child at home and continue to live ‘normally'. They would get help from the local authorities and from social services and get their family member sent to a special school specific to their needs.They would monitor the progress and aim to teach them personal care, social skills and everyday living skills to make their life as normal as possible. There is possibility that the family member may be challenging but the monitoring that was put in place previously would know what triggers the behaviour, and how to calm them down. The main carer may possibly have to leave work and the family member would have to be their main focus. This may put a struggle on the rest of the family financially and mentally as the rest of the family could feel unappreciated and start having bad behaviour to try and get attention, and to get by.On the other hand a family may feel like they do not have the ability to cope and may put the family member in either foster care or permanent care. Dependant on the severity of the disabled person is dependant on the affect which it could have and dependant on the disability and the severity of the ability. You may have to fight for help from the professionals and be persistent to get the help and support you need and not give up and tat may be hard as at times you may feel let down by the service your being offered or like you are getting nowhere and this could make you feel like giving up.It can broaden horizons, increase family members' awareness of their inner strength, enhance family cohesion, and encourage connections to community groups or religious institutions. On the negative side, the time and financial costs, physical and emotional demands, and logistical complexities associated with raising a disabled person can have far-reaching effects. 3. 1 Explain the types of services that have been provided for individuals with learning disabilities over time. Collages have provided sessions and lessons specifically designed for disabled people to meet their needs.Day centres have been provided for a wide variety of disabled people for stimulation and person centred needs. Charities, volunteers and church run groups are available. Advocacy groups – talk-back. Health care, specialist nurses and education. Ategi. People with learning disab ilities have been assessed in great depth to assess whether they have the capacity to have direct payments and personal budgets. People are getting supported living and outsource day opportunities. 3. 2 Describe how past ways of working may affect present services.Incidents that were happening such as abuse within institutions is one of the main reasons that we now have introduced safeguarding, and also as people were being hidden from the truth of the ongoings in the institutions. Inspections from the likes of C. Q. C are in the pipe line for day services. Safeguarding training has been pushed harder for all employees to get a place on a course for greater understanding and so that the disabled adults are safe. Identify some of the key changes in the following areas of the lives of individuals who have learning disabilities: A) Where People live.Huge changes have been made in society and disabled people now have access to supported living, shared life, Ategi, Respite services and R esidential home services. This provides disabled people who have the ability to live on their own have their mental capacity assessed to decide what the clients needs are based on person centred individual care. B) Daytime activities Charities and volunteers have organised church run groups in late afternoon early/evening's for adults with learning disabilities and the day centres provide stimulating outings for all the clients weekly whether its going for a ride in the bus or going swimming.The government also arranges social worker's to go to their homes and take clients out. C)Employment Each client with a learning disability will have a back to base assessment and this will assess whether a client has the capacity and ability to be able to work in paid employment. Also there are anti discrimination acts in place where if you do have a learning disability, then you are not able to be discriminated against and you have a fair right to employed. D)Sexual relationships and parenthoo d For an adult to have a sexual relationship and consider entering parenthood then the individual(s) will need to have a capacity assessment.With the assessment this determines whether the individual is able to understand and fully consent to the sexual relationship. If it is deemed that the client doesn't have the capacity to have a sexual relationship then the client will not be able to be involved and the client will have to have a best interest assessment in place. If it was deemed appropriate then the social services will become more involved to make sure that any of the individuals involved wasn't being abused in any way under the Sexual Offences Act 2003. If needed you would receive extra support from midwives and social services would monitor you throughout the pregnancy.You could even have extra help during and after for example you may get help for cooking and cleaning and the council would pay for this. If the sexual relationship progressed into something further for inst ance pregnancy, then again the social services would get involved and a capacity assessment would be done to assess whether you are fit to be a parent, and if you were then what help and support you would need if any. Also there would be a best interest assessment whether you are aloud to continue with the pregnancy and whether your aloud to keep the baby or put the baby up for adoption.If you did have the baby and keep the baby then you would be regularly assessed by the social services to make sure that you are coping and if you needed any help and the help and services they could offer you for full support. E) The provision of healthcare Each client has a medical health passport which follows them around whenever they need to go to the doctors or hospital then the medical professionals have the information they need to help medicate you or assess what is wrong to enable the professionals to give you the correct care you need.Each client has there own nurse, who have been trained in learning disabilities so that if you need help or advice then they are there for you and know your history. Also client have transport passports which enables them to travel safely. 4. 1 Explain the meaning of the term ‘social inclusion. Inclusion is based upon the idea of allowing everyone equal access to a service regardless of gender, disability, religion etc. There are many ways to ensure that your setting adheres to its inclusion policy. Here are a few examples.In a learning disability environment you could make access for disabled people possible by providing disabled toilets, ramps and wide doors. You could disabled people and families who have English as a second language resources to help with communication such as books and diagrams of words ; their meanings. Also staff could learn other means of communicate for example makaton and British sigh language as with disabled people with a hearing impairment you could train staff up on sign language to help with communi cation.For people with learning difficulties you could ensure that you gain support from outside agencies such as speech therapists, health visitors, specialist nurses etc. 4. 2 Explain the meaning of the term advocacy. Advocacy is: Protecting your rights when you are vulnerable. Listening to you Ensuring that you are listened to. Providing you with information so that you can make informed choices and decisions. Helping you to express yourself and take part in decisions which affect you. Respecting your right to make your own choices.Being there for you without conflict of interest. Advocacy must: Be Accessible to all who require it. Be Accountable to those who use it and fund it. Put those who use it first. Be as free as possible from conflicts of interest. Describe different types of advocacy. Self advocacy – This refers to the civil rights movement for people with developmental disabilities also called cognitive or intellectual disabilities, and other disabilities. The se lf-advocacy movement is (in basic terms) about people with disabilities speaking up for themselves.Self-Advocacy or Speaking up for yourself is to speak up for oneself, either as a member of a group or as an individual and contains an element of developing the confidence, skills and knowledge to do this. Self-advocacy groups are the same as self-help groups but will often involve the use of a facilitator or supporter where additional skills are required that members of the group do not already have. Peer advocacy – Peer Advocacy refers to â€Å"experts by experience†, and is used to describe advocacy relationships where both the advocate and the advocacy partner share similar experiences, difficulties or discrimination.This can include looked after children, with experience of children’s homes, those with mental ill health, the elderly or people with a learning disability. Peer advocacy is often spontaneous in such settings as day centres. Paid independent advoc acy – In paid advocacy – sometimes called independent advocacy – the advocate receives a salary or a fee per client. Citizen advocacy – ‘Citizen Advocacy organisations' (Citizen Advocacy programs/programmes) seek to cause benefit by reconnecting people who have become isolated from the ordinary community.Statutory advocacy – Statutory Advocacy is a term used to describe advocacy roles that are established in legislation. Statutory advocates will have certain legal rights, and where certain criteria are met, a person may have a right to this form of advocacy. There are two forms of statutory advocacy; Independent Mental Health Advocates (IMHA’s) and Independent Mental Capacity Advocates (IMCA’s). All advocacy types are of equal value. What advocacy is used, and when, should depend on what is best suited to the person who seeks it. A single person may ask for different types of advocacy support at different times in their life.Wha t is common to all types of advocacy is that the person who it is for (in this instance the person with a learning disability) is always at the centre of the advocacy process. It is all about what that person wants, and finding the best way of getting that across to the people who need to know. Advocacy can be like tools in a tool box, the different types can be used together or separately depending on the job that needs to be done. People with learning disabilities say that being part of a self advocacy group or getting support from an advocate is a really important part of being able to take control of their lives. . 4 Describe the ways to build empowerment and active participation into everyday support with individuals with learning disabilities. The way that we build empowerment and active participation in the day services is by giving each client as much control and choice as possible. By knowing and assessing the capacity of the individual and then giving that individual the c hoice and control of their life doing the best we can to help them. 5. 1 Explain how attitudes are changing in relation to individuals with learning disabilities.People with learning disabilities are given their voice and people are now excepting them as individuals and therefore the individual is getting the care and attention they do or don't need, this is making their lives better and more comfortable and so they are happier. Disabled people are now in the public more working and mixing with ‘normal' people and so the ‘normal' people are learning more about the individual and the wideness of people with learning disabilities and how to work with them in and work place and just on a day to day basis.This is giving people in the public a wider knowledge and understanding so they are beginning to accept and learn to work with the disabled. 5. 2 Give examples of positive and negative aspects of being labelled as have a learning disability. Positive: Those who are not exte nsively trained about learning disabilities may think they understand their problems, when they really don't, and have unrealistic expectations or make assumptions that they cant do something that they can actually do. Choosing to allow a person to be abelled as learning disabled can provide the person with many advantages and specific adaptations can be made at their school/workplace. They may also receive special understanding from their teacher/colleges and others. If they realize that a learning disability is something that simply affects how another person learns, they may come to respect that persons abilities rather than focus on their areas of weakness. Negative: Being labelled as having a learning disability. Labels are for life, and many people fear that having a label attached them will cause people to treat them in a negative way.Most people do not understand what it means to have a learning disability, and may discriminate against someone who is labelled as having a lea rning disability. 5. 3 Describe steps that can be taken to promote positive attitudes towards individuals with learning disabilities and their family/carers. Care in the community and action toward greater integration amongst mainstream society. To provide assistance and education for learning disabled people to gather the skills to live a less marginalised and more independent life within society.As well as modernising day services to help encourage independent living and social skills for forming meaningful relationships with a different groups of people. The local authority must evaluate the person's needs and make provisions where possible. 5. 4 Explain the roles of external agencies and others in changing attitudes, policies and practice. Agencies and care providers have a role to play in changing the situation. People with learning disabilities should be supported to be all they can be, and to achieve their fundamental human rights, including the right to make an informed choi ce about whether or not to form relationships.They are also working to improve conditions of the individuals that they work for. Some of the external agencies whom would be involved: Care Quality Commission, General Social Care Council, Skills for Care (includes Common Induction Standards) Health & Safety Executive, Social Care Institute for Excellence,the organisation you work for, yourself, advocates, citizens' advice bureau, charities, organisations, (Action on Hearing Loss, Scope, RNIB, Sense, Dementia UK, Alzheimer's Society, Parkinsons UK.The roles of external agencies are: Having to keep updated with legislation and training on all the staff. This is agencies with whom the day centre uses: Doctors/Nurses, carers/parents, care managers and physiotherapists. Carers and families attitudes with regards to policy and practice is to have continued communication with all professionals. 6. 1 Identify ways of adapting each of the following when communicating with individuals who have learning difficulties.Verbal communication:To learn the language that the client uses and the facial expression that the client uses as this can help you to understand how the client feels, also to listen to the client and not to finish the sentence for the client as this can lead to misunderstandings and confusions. You need to use simpler terms and never must use slang or jargon. Non Verbal communication:To watch facial expressions and body language that the client uses. Braille and sensory equipment will also help with communication and the clients needs.Using bright colours, picture cards and makaton/sigh language. 6. 2 Explain why it is important, to use language that is both ‘age appropriate' and ability appropriate' when communicating with individuals with learning disabilities. Its important to use age appropriate language as the client may have the ability to understand and respond to you when spoken to correctly, also you don't want the client to loose the ability to communicate, don't use big, long fancy words or talk fast.Every one has different abilities some individuals can walk and talk and some are highly dependable on the help of others, some people can interact with others but some may not have the mental ability to. All clients have different abilities for instance one client will be able to communicate with you to tell you what they would like to eat, some may be able to show you through pointing or eye contact and others may only be able to show you through trial and error e. g. if they eat the food or spit it out.You should use shorter sentences and give them time to take in what you are saying and be patient, give the client enough time to take in what you have said not rushing them. If you speak to the client like a child then this may upset of distress the client and make him/her feel inadequate, which could lead to further issues. When communicating you need to always communicate clearly and use basic English unless stated other wise otherwise this could lead to misunderstandings. 6. 3 Describe ways of checking whether an individual has understood communications, and how to address any misunderstandings.By knowing how the client communicates, you can read the facial expressions for example – blinking, head movements, sounds or body movements. If a client has misunderstood what you have said then the client may either not answer or act differently or answer even though they are not aware what they are saying. If the client is struggling to understand you or you think the client has misunderstood you then you need to rephrase the question or use visual aids, as this could help you to explain it in another way.